![]() Persona 3’s turn-based combat portion largely takes place in an infinite-dungeon tower called Tartarus, which only appears during the Dark Hour. ![]() Persona 3 Portable tells the darkest story in the modern Persona franchise - it assails me with death at every turn And most of the social links I spend my afternoons and evenings developing involve tragic figures struggling through depression. Every student has a terribly tragic past – many are orphans, or have rocky relationships with their parents, if they are alive. ![]() Persona 3, however, assails me with death at every turn. Yes, Persona 4 follows a murder mystery, but there is plenty of levity and humor. Persona 3 Portable tells the darkest story in the modern Persona franchise. Although the game warns me at the start that the female protagonist is supposed to be played the second time around, I dive in anyway. Her dialog is more fun, and the option to date men is refreshing, though same-sex pairings are still sadly off the table in this port. Persona 3 Portable’s option to choose a female protagonist is a welcome change after two silent men. It’s also especially important considering the obsolescence of stores on Sony’s older platforms. There aren’t vast leaps forward from the PSP version here it’s simply the same game available to a much wider (and activated) audience. Īnd it really will be a blast from the past, because Persona 3’s port largely optimizes the 2009 PlayStation Portable release, itself an improvement on the PlayStation 2 original, released in 2007 in America. If you want curated lists of our favorite media, check out What to Play and What to Watch. When we award the Polygon Recommends badge, it’s because we believe the recipient is uniquely thought-provoking, entertaining, inventive, or fun - and worth fitting into your schedule. Polygon Recommends is our way of endorsing our favorite games, movies, TV shows, comics, tabletop books, and entertainment experiences. ![]()
0 Comments
![]() ![]() Sure there are others and we all have our favorites. These are some of the best Google Chrome themes that we could find. Everything is perfectly visible and Slate is a must-try theme.ĭownload: Slate Wrap Up: Google Chrome Themes I found no issues reading texts or locating icons. The wallpaper is also plain and simple but looks brilliant. Being a minimalist, Slate is similar to the Just Black theme, but instead of an all-black appeal, it has a dark-bluish tone to it. It is a pure example of how simple things can be appealing and attractive compared to things covered with unnecessary flashy elements. On the home page, you will be treated with a Batman background, which I believe looks good. Coming back to the theme, Batman Macabre is a nice one with a mix of gold and black gradient spread across the top bar, bookmarks bar, and other elements. You can call me a biased Batman fan but, I prefer someone with intelligence and beast-like human strength to someone who is an alien (cough! Superman). And who better than Batman to grace the list. ![]() This list won’t be complete without a superhero Chrome theme in it. Greek Beach gives you a brilliant home page background along with a soothing blue color top bar, bookmarks bar, etc. Well, there are other landscape themes available, but either they are just backgrounds and do nothing good for the tabs or other elements of the browser, or are completely simple. Missing traveling? Want to treat your eyes to a mesmerizing view of a Greek beach? Then you should definitely try out the Greek Beach theme for Chrome. A dark theme for those who love black themes but want to try something new. The most eye-catching thing about this Google Chrome theme is the background that shows a surfer surfing his way through a giant wave with floating bioluminescent jellyfish and shooting stars. Ride the WaveĪnother official theme by Chrome team under the Black Artists category is Ride the Wave. are painted with a similar color to the abstract background.ĭownload: Horizon Club Sydney 5. Other elements of the browser like tabs, bookmarks bar, etc. Whatever the case may be, it looks beautiful and vibrant. Notably, it is said to be a reflection of the sun over the water beneath the bridge. It sets an abstract of the popular Sydney’s Harbour Bridge on the home page. If you are an art lover, Horizon Club Sydney could be the perfect Google Chrome theme for you. The theme is pleasant to look at.ĭownload: Color Fusion 4. This gives each section of the browser a distinct look. For instance, the gradient on the bookmarks bar is different from the one on the tabs or address bar. The good thing about the Color Fusion Chrome theme is that it has different gradients for different elements of the browser. It gives a gradient look to your Chrome browser. If you love colors, then Color Fusion is a Google Chrome theme that you must try. And that quickly became one of my favorite things about Stay Flo. Initially, I thought it was a bit overwhelming but later, the background became a treat for the eyes with its vibrant colors. However, the standout feature is the background. Applying Stay Flo theme turns the Chrome browser into peach color, which definitely looks refreshing. It is a popular theme for Chrome from Black Artists category. Stay Flo theme got my attention the moment I found it in the Chrome Web Store. ![]() So, if you are a fan of colors, you might want to stay away from this. Keep in mind that Just Black puts black paint on every element of the browser. Since this theme comes straight from the house of the official Chrome team, it assures stability, reliability, and regular updates. Once this theme is applied, it completely darkens the entire look of the browser, including the New Tab page, Bookmark bar, top bar, and others. Personally, Just Black is clean Google Chrome theme you can try. ![]() ![]() Far to his right, near the empty co-pilot’s seat, he slid up the levers for each of the propellers, producing a satisfying roar. Paul Feig, Bridget Everett Pay Tribute to Woman Who Was Killed After Hanging Pride Flagīack in the cockpit, Russell faced a confounding control panel. “Even if the guard . . . had witnessed these actions,” it reads, “the time frame was too short to have precluded the Horizon employee’s entry to the cabin of the aircraft.” And the report from the Port of Seattle, which runs Sea Tac, underscores that only Russell’s short sprint back to the moving airplane would have raised alarms. The lone security guard in the area was attending to an arriving vehicle at a nearby entrance gate. “There didn’t seem to be anything that was out of the ordinary - up until the last minute when he actually took it,” he says. He tells Rolling Stone that Russell’s “brazen” theft of the Q400 was hidden in plain sight on the busy tarmac. Matt Scott was the FBI’s case agent for the investigation. ![]() He then hopped out, reboarded the tug, and swiveled the plane toward the taxiway. Although trained to start the aircraft’s auxiliary power unit, Russell exceeded all authorization - toggling levers and switches in sequence to fire up the engines. At 7:15 p.m., he hooked the tug to the front of the Q400, tossed aside the wheel blocks, and boarded the plane. The biggest impediment Russell faced is that maneuvering a parked plane is a two-man job, and he had no accomplice. There was no lock on the door of the airplane. Russell’s employee badge gave him access to both the tug and the remote cargo area. Silently, and without warning, he’d gone rogue. His core duties revolved around loading baggage onto short-haul flights, but he was also trained to tow planes on the tarmac. He was not a pilot he worked ground crew for Horizon Air. Inside the SeaTac terminals, the indignities of airport security were in full force: Transportation Security Administration agents were X-raying shoes, forcing travelers to toss out tubes of toothpaste, and palpating passengers’ private parts with the backs of blue-gloved hands to guard against box cutters being smuggled in their bras or briefs. It was August 10th, 2018, a warm, clear evening nearly two decades after 9/11. He scrambled into the fuselage and hoisted up the hatch before flinging himself into the captain’s seat. In a frantic, seven-second dash, the husky 28-year-old abandoned the truck and sprinted to the lowered passenger-entry door. The thief, Richard “Beebo” Russell, had just disconnected the tow bar of a tug vehicle he’d used to pivot the plane out of its parking spot. But without anyone riding the brakes, the 13-foot propellers began pushing the plane slowly toward the runways of Seattle-Tacoma International Airport. The twin engines of the Horizon Air Bombardier Dash 8 Q400 aircraft had been set to idle. The stolen airplane began rolling forward under its own power, with no one in the cockpit. ![]() ![]() ![]() Scroll down to the static page and it’s as if the sun is setting completely. The eye is drawn to the center and led back through carefully crafted layers towards the setting sun. An almost graphic representation of a garden bordering the page to the left and right with tree silhouettes and topping with the autumnal leafed branches. This means that the image must be a real beauty that shows off their design skills, and thankfully is it exactly that. Garden Studio self limits its site by using the parallax technique only at the top of the site. You know it’s worked when you want to walk into it, and you can’t fail to want to enter this vista. Brilliant coloring to work alongside the layering making a stunningly inviting landscape. It’s placed behind the text and moves to the front, it alternates with backgrounds and has a sheer presence that makes it truly a memorable image, showing how they’ve mastered the effects.Ī tremendous example of parallax scrolling for the game Firewatch, creating real depth at the top of the page. ![]() Rotating, resizing, blinking, ears moving and changing color at key points of interest, titles. As an attention grabber, it hits the spot. Let’s focus on the animated 3d dog at the center of this design, how can you not. The smooth scrolling and project images that warp with the animated cursor all add to the showcasing of the designer’s own skills. The heavy black typography headings on a sepia background move horizontally on scroll creating a fabulous movement with great contrast in static text. German creative developer Davide Perozzi starts off our tour. Here we have explained it with simple examples.Here we’ll take a look at some fabulous examples of this Parallax effect on CSS websites. It enhances the website with 3-D visual effects. In this tutorial, we have learned about the CSS properties used to add parallax scrolling effect to the webpage. ![]() The height of the background image is set to 100%. Here is another program with the parallax effect. We can also set the height of the background image to 100%. * Create the parallax scrolling effect */Įxample: Add Parallax Effect with customize height In this example, we are creating a parallax scrolling effect by using CSS properties.
![]() ![]() This option is initially set to 3, but can be set to any number between 1 and 99. Word Frequencies and Word Combinations: New option to limit the results table to words and word combinations that occur at least x times.Word Frequencies: New options to ignore hyperlinks, e-mail addresses, hashtags, numbers, or text within square or curly brackets.Word Matrix Browser: Create a visual matrix that displays how often search items, dictionary words, or words from the go list occur in documents, document groups, or document sets.Memos: The title of a memo can be twice as long (127 instead of 63 characters).Memos: Include the content of in-document memos as “in-line” text while exporting a document.Memos: Include linked coded segments and code names in memo exports.PDF: New option to ignore dashes within words while using a (lexical) search or analyzing word frequencies.PDF: Rotate pages of a PDF document within the Document Browser.Smart-Coding-Tool:Select multiple coded segments at once and drag them to a code for additional coding or re-coding.Smart Coding Tool: New ribbon bar for easy feature access including a new option to display an additional column for each of your “Favorite variables”.Codes:When selecting text or images, the last used codes have been added to the right-click context menu so you can quickly apply them again.Codes: If you merge codes into another code an audit trail with the merge date and information is added to the code memo. ![]() ![]() Overview of Coded Segments: While sorting the table by document name the names are sorted alphanumerically so that letters and numbers are taken into account.Overview of Coded Segment: New option to activate all documents containing any of the displayed segments.Word Trends / Document Portrait: These visualizations now contain a title that you can modify with a double-click, so you can easily present it in a paper or presentation.MAXDictio: You can search within stop word lists and go word lists to easily find words.Document System: Quickly add or remove documents with new icons that appear on hover directly in the Document System.Autocoding: You can now directly autocode from the search results table by dragging and dropping a search hit to the code system.QTT: It is now possible to simply add codes and memos to a worksheet via drag & drop.Easily select or ignore codes, include code memos, include additional information for coded segments, and choose further formatting options. Smart Publisher: Now includes new options to choose which data to include in your automatically generated report.Document Browser: The Document Browser now has a new, clearer toolbar for zoom options.Moreover, the Complex Coding Query functions “near” and “followed by” are now applicable for PDF documents, allowing you to analyze the proximity of codes within a PDF document. You can now use the search and autocode function to categorize survey data and paraphrases, search & autocode data in the Smart Coding Tool, as well from the local search in the Document Browser. PDF Documents: The latest improvement in paragraph recognition for PDF documents has enabled several new functions. ![]() ![]() Rise of the Tomb Raider Shadow of the Tomb Raider Xbox 360 Lara Croft, rise of tomb raider, playStation 4, video Game png 731x1155px 749.19KB.Angelina Jolie Trunks Vegeta Lara Croft: Tomb Raider, Angelina Jolie, celebrities, image File Formats png 512x800px 588.51KB.Tomb Raider: The Last Revelation Tomb Raider III Rise of the Tomb Raider Tomb Raider: Anniversary, Tomb Raider, hand, video Game png 1200x1600px 531.64KB.Lara Croft Tomb Raider Funko POP Games Video Games, lara croft, heroes, fictional Character png 1000x1000px 548.1KB.Tomb Raider, Tomb Raider II Rise of the Tomb Raider Lara Croft, Tomb Raider Background, video Game, material png 835x721px 553.65KB.Tomb Raider, Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness Tomb Raider: Underworld Rise of the Tomb Raider Tomb Raider III, lara croft, heroes, video Game png 513x1609px 902.82KB.Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness Lara Croft: Tomb Raider Tomb Raider II, Tomb Raider, game, video Game png 421x766px 211.25KB.Tomb Raider II Rise of the Tomb Raider Lara Croft Tomb Raider: Anniversary, kane, game, video Game png 1248x2675px 1.62MB. ![]() Lara Croft: Tomb Raider Tomb Raider Chronicles Lara Croft Go Tomb Raider: Legend, lara croft, black Hair, heroes png 776x1030px 656.04KB. ![]() Alicia Vikander Lara Croft: Tomb Raider Lara Croft: Tomb Raider Tomb Raider: Legend, tomb raider lara croft, video Game, tomb Raider Legend png 508x1600px 596.8KB.female character holding pistol, Tomb Raider Chronicles Alicia Vikander Tomb Raider: Legend Lara Croft, Lara Croft, heroes, video Game png 848x1600px 708.13KB.Tomb Raider: Anniversary Tomb Raider: Underworld Rise of the Tomb Raider Lara Croft, lara croft, game, heroes png 600x1300px 653.7KB.Rise of the Tomb Raider logo, Rise of the Tomb Raider Tomb Raider: Legend Tomb Raider: Anniversary Lara Croft, Tomb Raider Logo, text, monochrome png 1174x300px 74.33KB.Lara Croft, Product Lara Croft: Tomb Raider, Angelina Jolie, celebrities, film png 1344x822px 377.59KB.Angelina Jolie, Angelina Jolie Maleficent, Angelina Jolie, celebrities, girl png 732x1252px 839.83KB.Lara Croft Thomb Raider poster, Tomb Raider: Legend Rise of the Tomb Raider Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light, Tomb Raider File, video Game, material png 835x1232px 761.55KB.Lara Croft: Tomb Raider Lara Croft: Tomb Raider Tomb Raider: Legend Tomb Raider Chronicles, Tomb Raider, hand, video Game png 886x1600px 640KB.Tomb Raider: Legend Tomb Raider: Underworld Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness Tomb Raider: Anniversary Tomb Raider Chronicles, lara croft, heroes, arm png 550x822px 1.01MB. ![]()
![]() Wood with moisture may sound a bit tricky and risky, but wood made with unique and modern technology can easily be used in the bathroom as well. So consider wooden paneling for your washroom walls to bring a traditional and classy look to your bathroom decor. Wooden panelings add an edge to your vanity design and lend a sense of sophistication and cultivation. Wood brings a lot of warmth to any interior design. You can try the unique and classic combination of Shangrila and white.Ī Led- Lit on the wall for a Spacious Vibe Try some bold contrasting colours on the wall of the space. You don't need any extra artwork for the bathroom these traditional designer lamps can be the showstopper of your lavish bathroom interiors. Pair it with golden accents and fittings to add to the stunning and gorgeous look. Some decorous golden lightning on the wall is to decorate your bathroom walls and create a luxurious vibe. Pair it up with muted coloured walls and white floor tiles for an airy and easy-breezy feel.īrighten the space with some Golden Accessories and LightsĪ touch of gold is all that you need to enhance your bathroom. So if you are looking for some waterproof wall art that is fun yet easy to clean and maintain, this bathroom wall design trick is best for you. They give an illusion of a floral pattern bathroom wall art and are immensely easy to maintain. These tiles will enhance your space and need no accessories. These bring an arctic vibe to your bathroom and add a refreshing look to your bathroom wall decor. Many come with slotted grooves that hold prints or framed items at the perfect angle.If you are planning to give your bathroom look unique and want bathroom renovation, or want a bathroom interior design then you try mosaic tiles on your bathroom walls. Putting artwork, cherished items, plants, photography and trophies on display is easy with picture ledges that can be combined any way you choose for a stunning home gallery effect. Go with the modern, pop-art like colorful trees that double as growth charts for your kids, or classic illustrations of ferns and flowers. Wall decals and stickers are ready to help you add color and cool lines to any space, in any room in minutes. Combine a fun illustrative style of some cards with statement pieces that can literally say what should set the mood in a glowing neon font. Since they’re smaller, it’s easy to turn any stretch of wall into a mini art gallery. Art cardsĬreate fun themes and statements with art cards that will bring out your creativity. Put photos of rustic countrysides on display or the modern look of playfully patterned geometric shapes. Art postersĮxpress your style with art posters in all sizes that showcase the classic look of still-life paintings. Let colorful flowers tower over miniature animals or find other fun, whimsical illustrations. ![]() Choose from exotic travel locales or industrial streetscapes and aerial photo maps from your favorite city. ![]() Wall artĪrt is subjective, so put something up on the wall that speaks to you while making any room feel different in the process. Photo framesĪvailable in a wide range of colors and sizes, our frames range from classic to modern looks which are ready to help you decorate with the photos you love. Add wedding, vacation or kids photos and you’ve got a stunning display that catches the eye while helping you tell a story close to you and your loved ones. The varying assortment of collage frames-from same size to big and small frames-are like a staggered expression of modern art themselves as the combined frames jut off at different angles while forming a whole. There are so many ways to make any room cozier and more your own. Draw the eyes by creating stunning focal points with wall decor that can add depth to any room. Has your home office felt a little ho-hum or did you overlook decorating the living room or basement? Then make boring rooms new again by turning them into something truly special with the endless possibilities in wall decorations that make a statement while reconfiguring the look, feel and mood. Whether moving to a new home or going through renovations, once you’ve settled on flooring, furniture and anything else you think you may need in a given room there could still be something else missing: your signature sense of style. ![]() ![]() ![]() Step 5: Fill the vase with the flowers and some faux greenery. If you like this painted mason jar vase, be sure to check out my simple tutorial on how to paint the inside of a vase! Step 4: Add a piece of florist foam to the base of a vase. You can vary the length of the florist wire to give the flowers different heights in the arrangement if you want. ![]() Secure the top of the stem to the back of the heart with a small piece of tape.Ĭontinue making more flowers. Poke the wire into the backside opening of the heart and through the base of the heart. Step 3: Cut a piece of florist wire in half with wire cutters. This is where you will insert the flower stem. Each heart will contain a little pocket opening in the back. Just make sure not to pull any part too hard. But after making the twist, it is safe to arrange the layers with teh tip of your fingers. Once twisted firmly, the twist usually stays like that. Keep twisting until the origami rose is in full bloom. Warning, making these simple hearts can be addicting! Step 18: Twist Until A Rose-Like Pattern is Formed. It moves you through the heart step-by-step process slowly so you quickly pick up the technique and can easily replicate it to make more flowers. Step by step easy origami flower tutorial You can make as many flowers you want, but each of them will have 5 petals, or these shapes (as seen below) glued. Lifelike Paper Flowers to Brighten Up Your Life: Origami Book,with 20 Projects Downloadable Video: Great for Kids & Adults Michael G. Or check out this simple paper heart tutorial on YouTube. Watch the video above for step-by-step folds. Step 1: Make around 10 paper origami hearts with a variety of pink, purple, and red origami paper. ![]() Vase (check out my DIY painted glass vase tutorial).Very delicately use a chopstick or pencil to curl the petals. Repeat this step on the other three sides to create the flower petals. Go to Next page to continue learning how to make an origami flower.Supplies for Simple Origami Heart Bouquet Paper Kawaii Fold the right side of the right section behind itself, so it looks like the photo. Step 6: Repeat step 5 for the right side. Step 5: Put one finger into the pocket of the left flap and squash down. Step 4: Take the corners you just folded and fold the flaps out so their edges meet the outside edges. ![]() Step 3: Fold the left and right corners to the top corner. Step 2: Take the bottom corner and fold it to the top corner. Step 1: Begin with a square sheet of origami paper with color side faced down, but if you only have regular 8.5x11 paper, follow these instructions to make a square sheet. Once you finish making this one, check out other beautiful origami flowers that you can make. I know it doesn't look easy, but trust me, it is. You will also need glue to hold the petals together. You will need five pieces of paper to construct this flower, with each paper forming an individual petal. Easy Origami Twisty Rose Step 11: Flip paper over. Make a squash fold on each side by pressing the paper flat to form a triangle shape. Easy Origami Twisty Rose Step 10: Use your finger to pry the paper open on both sides as shown by the arrows below. Here you'll learn how to make a fairly easy, yet beautiful origami paper flowers called the kusudama. Easy Origami Twisty Rose Step 9: Now fold back the bottom layers. Follow the steps below for how to make an easy origami flower. ![]() ![]() ![]() Once you enter the recovery mode, you can remove macOS Ventura from your Mac by following the steps. Keep holding the keys Command+R till your Mac reboots. Enter its admistrator password.įor Intel-based Macs: Click on the Apple icon -> select Restart from the dropdown menu. Select a user when prompted and click on Next. Switch it on and press the power button until you see hte startup screen. Once you have your bootable drive of macOS Monterey, you can completely remove macOS Ventura from your Mac with the following steps.įor M1 Macs: Turn off your Mac. Open Terminal and paste this into Terminal window: sudo /Applications/Install macOS Monterey.app/Contents/Resources/createinstallmedia -volume /Volumes/Drive - /Applications/Install macOS Monterey.appģ0 minutes later, you will finish making an macOS Monterey installer into a bootable drive, ready to get rid of and downgrade macOS Ventura. Launch Terminal (Applications > utilities > Terminal).Quite the installer during the auto-launch because you are unpermitted to install it on top of macOS Ventura.Search for macOS Monterey, click on the Download to start downloading macOS Monterey installer software from the App Store.Find an external drive with at least 16GB of storage space, preferably a USB drive with a USB-C connector.The tool is available for transferring all types of data, including those iTunes won't support, to/from iOS devices. ![]() And Mac users are grumbling about iTunes' lengthy syncing and constant data erasing, here we introduces the good alternative to iTune such as MacX MediaTrans to backup and transfer data between iPhone iPad and Mac and free up more space on your Mac. This is helpful especially when you want to backup the contents you need most, exclusive of those old trushy stuff. Option 3: Back up macOS Ventura data by transferring to iPhone or iPad. This way is inexpensive to secure your Mac data but takes a long time. ![]() Option 2: Store your file via cloud-based service, e.g. copy and paste the files directly into your external hard drive HDD. Totally, there are 5 types of backup Mac users can be use. This makes essential to back up all files you recently added to macOS Ventura, in case of any data loss your macOS Ventura downgrading. How to Downgrade Mac from Ventura to Monterey | No Data Loss Step 1: Back up Your Mac before UpdateĪny upgrade or downgrade of macOS may put you in the danger of losing important files, documents or programs, if nothing has been done. Moreover, you can also follow the steps below to downgrade macOS 12 to 11. And before you downgrade the system, make sure you update to Ventura correctly. Certainly, you're suggested make a backup of your macOS at the initial, so that you're able to recover your data on macOS Ventura. If you are regretted to upgrade to the latest macOS Ventura or beta versions, the above tips are also applicative for downgrading macOS Ventura to Monterey. ![]() ![]() ![]() Gradually increasing subcutaneous doses of toxin were administered over a period of 2-3 months. The lethal volume was required to be below 0.1cc for the toxin to be of adequate strength (4).ġ0 The antiserum was usually produced in horses. This was the measurement of the volume of filtrate that would kill a guinea pig of 250g body weight within 5 days. The toxin could only be standardised by a biological assay. Typically, a virulent strain of bacillus was grown on a shallow layer of medium and, after 6-8 days, the formed toxin was obtained by filtration. Diphtheria Antitoxinĩ To produce an effective antitoxin, a potent toxin was required. According to most accounts the first clinical use of the antitoxin was in Berlin on Christmas Eve 1891, when von Behring administered it to a seriously ill girl who subsequently recovered (Fig. Consequently in 1890, von Behring and Kitasato were able to show that administration of very small amounts of diphtheria toxin to animals resulted in the presence in their plasma of a factor which, when mixed with the toxin, rendered it innocuous to animals (3).Ĩ The subsequent observation that this plasma, when actually administered to animals, could protect them from fatal doses of diphtheria toxin paved the way for the use of “diphtheria antitoxin” to treat diphtheric patients. This observation was very important, since studies on hog cholera in 1885 had demonstrated that administration to an animal of very small concentrations of a bacterial product could eventually produce immunity to that infection. Thus the systemic symptoms of the disease were due to the absorption of a toxin exuded during the growth of the bacilli on the mucous membrane. The filtered broth was also shown to be toxic for rabbits, dogs, cats and horses (2). Nevertheless, Loeffler’s report was somewhat reserved, since he was unable to explain the systemic symptoms of diphtheria.Ħ In both animals and man infected with the supposed causative organism there are severe systemic disturbances and even organ degeneration, but the bacillus could be found only in the local lesion.ħ The anomaly was resolved in 1888 by the observation by two of Pasteur’s colleagues, Roux and Yersin, that the broth used to grow the cultures of bacillus diphtheriae remained toxic for guinea pigs after the bacteria had been removed by filtration. ![]() When the cultures were inoculated onto injured mucous membranes of various animals, pseudomembranes developed, resembling those in patients. A year later Loeffler isolated and cultured the bacillus from 13 undisputed cases of diphtheria. The straight or slightly curved rods described by Klebs we know today were indeed Corynebacterium diphtheriae, although Klebs’study was purely morphological. Klebs in 1883 described a bacillus obtained from the pseudomembranes of diphtheria patients. Should the lesion occur in the laryngeal region, the airway may become occluded and intubation would therefore be necessary.ĥ The emergence of the germ theory triggered the start of the scientific investigation of the aetiology of diphtheria. It is a thick, leathery, bluish-white pseudomembrane composed of bacteria, dead cells and fibrin. The epidemics tended to be cyclical “often lasting for many years, and followed by intervals of quiescence” (1).Ĥ The primary lesion of the disease occurs in the upper respiratory tract. Add to this the demoralisation and sense of impotence caused by the lack of effective treatment, then one can appreciate how dispiriting the practice of medicine could be at that time.ģ Diphtheria was formally described by Bretonneau in 1826, although epidemics among children of “malignant sore throat destroying life by suffocation and sometimes leaving paralytic sequelae” had been described since earliest times. The melancholic effect of having to watch a succession of children die either from suffocation or, as the disease progressed, from paralysis and heart failure, was wretched enough. These treatments stemmed from basic research into causative agents and mechanisms of toxicity.Ģ A prime example is diphtheria. An inability, or unwillingness, to undertake this exercise largely explains the misrepresentation by some of the value of early treatments of infections. Yet this is the only way to appreciate the progress made in the treatment and prevention of infective disease. ![]() Diphtheria levies a toll of clinical incidence of 10% of all born with a mortality of 5 to immunisation reduces this to an incidence of 1% and zero mortality.ġ In the sanitary 1990s it is hard to envisage the experiences of physicians working in the fever hospitals a century ago. ![]() |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |